本文档介绍了如何使用触摸手势来拖动和缩放屏幕上的对象，使用 onTouchEvent() 来拦截触摸事件。
拖动一个对象
触摸手势的常见操作是使用它在屏幕上拖动一个对象。
在拖动或滚动操作中，应用必须跟踪原始指针，即使其他手指接触屏幕也是如此。例如，想象一下，在拖动图像时，用户将第二根手指放在触摸屏上并抬起第一根手指。如果你的应用只跟踪单个指针，它会将第二个指针视为默认指针并将图像移动到该位置。
为了防止这种情况发生，你的应用需要区分原始指针和任何后续指针。为此，它跟踪 ACTION_POINTER_DOWN 和 ACTION_POINTER_UP 事件，如 处理多点触控手势 中所述。 ACTION_POINTER_DOWN 和 ACTION_POINTER_UP 在辅助指针按下或抬起时传递给 onTouchEvent() 回调。
在 ACTION_POINTER_UP 情况下，你可以提取此索引并确保活动指针ID未引用不再接触屏幕的指针。如果是，你可以选择另一个指针作为活动指针并保存其当前的X和Y位置。在 ACTION_MOVE 情况下使用此保存的位置来计算移动屏幕上对象的距离。这样，应用始终使用来自正确指针的数据来计算移动距离。
以下代码片段允许用户在屏幕上拖动一个对象。它记录活动指针的初始位置，计算指针移动的距离，并将对象移动到新位置。它还正确地管理了其他指针的可能性。
此代码片段使用 getActionMasked() 方法。始终使用此方法来检索 MotionEvent 的操作。
Kotlin
// The "active pointer" is the one moving the object.
private var mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID
override fun onTouchEvent(ev: MotionEvent): Boolean {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev)
val action = MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked(ev)
when (action) {
MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN -> {
MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev).also { pointerIndex ->
// Remember where you start for dragging.
mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex)
mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex)
}
// Save the ID of this pointer for dragging.
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, 0)
}
MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE -> {
// Find the index of the active pointer and fetch its position.
val (x: Float, y: Float) =
MotionEventCompat.findPointerIndex(ev, mActivePointerId).let { pointerIndex ->
// Calculate the distance moved.
MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex) to
MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex)
}
mPosX += x - mLastTouchX
mPosY += y - mLastTouchY
invalidate()
// Remember this touch position for the next move event.
mLastTouchX = x
mLastTouchY = y
}
MotionEvent.ACTION_UP, MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL -> {
mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID
}
MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_UP -> {
MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev).also { pointerIndex ->
MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, pointerIndex)
.takeIf { it == mActivePointerId }
?.run {
// This is the active pointer going up. Choose a new
// active pointer and adjust it accordingly.
val newPointerIndex = if (pointerIndex == 0) 1 else 0
mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, newPointerIndex)
mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, newPointerIndex)
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, newPointerIndex)
}
}
}
}
return true
}
Java
// The "active pointer" is the one moving the object.
private int mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID;
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev);
final int action = MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked(ev);
switch (action) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN: {
final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev);
final float x = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex);
final float y = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex);
// Remember the starting position of the pointer.
mLastTouchX = x;
mLastTouchY = y;
// Save the ID of this pointer for dragging.
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, 0);
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE: {
// Find the index of the active pointer and fetch its position.
final int pointerIndex =
MotionEventCompat.findPointerIndex(ev, mActivePointerId);
final float x = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex);
final float y = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex);
// Calculate the distance moved.
final float dx = x - mLastTouchX;
final float dy = y - mLastTouchY;
mPosX += dx;
mPosY += dy;
invalidate();
// Remember this touch position for the next move event.
mLastTouchX = x;
mLastTouchY = y;
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP: {
mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID;
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL: {
mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID;
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_UP: {
final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev);
final int pointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, pointerIndex);
if (pointerId == mActivePointerId) {
// This is the active pointer going up. Choose a new
// active pointer and adjust it accordingly.
final int newPointerIndex = pointerIndex == 0 ? 1 : 0;
mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, newPointerIndex);
mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, newPointerIndex);
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, newPointerIndex);
}
break;
}
}
return true;
}
拖动以平移
上一节展示了在屏幕上拖动对象的示例。另一个常见场景是平移，即用户拖动手势会导致X轴和Y轴上的滚动。前面的代码片段直接拦截 MotionEvent 操作来实现拖动。本节中的代码片段通过重写 onScroll() 在 GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener 中，利用了平台对常见手势的内置支持。
为了提供更多上下文信息，onScroll() 在用户拖动手指平移内容时被调用。 onScroll() 仅在手指按下时被调用。一旦手指从屏幕上抬起，手势就会结束，或者如果手指在抬起前以一定的速度移动，就会开始一个轻扫手势。有关滚动与轻扫的更多信息，请参阅 动画滚动手势。
以下是 onScroll() 的代码片段
Kotlin
// The current viewport. This rectangle represents the visible
// chart domain and range.
private val mCurrentViewport = RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX)
// The current destination rectangle, in pixel coordinates, into which the
// chart data must be drawn.
private val mContentRect: Rect? = null
private val mGestureListener = object : GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() {
...
override fun onScroll(
e1: MotionEvent,
e2: MotionEvent,
distanceX: Float,
distanceY: Float
): Boolean {
// Scrolling uses math based on the viewport, as opposed to math using
// pixels.
mContentRect?.apply {
// Pixel offset is the offset in screen pixels, while viewport offset is the
// offset within the current viewport.
val viewportOffsetX = distanceX * mCurrentViewport.width() / width()
val viewportOffsetY = -distanceY * mCurrentViewport.height() / height()
// Updates the viewport and refreshes the display.
setViewportBottomLeft(
mCurrentViewport.left + viewportOffsetX,
mCurrentViewport.bottom + viewportOffsetY
)
}
return true
}
}
Java
// The current viewport. This rectangle represents the visible
// chart domain and range.
private RectF mCurrentViewport =
new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX);
// The current destination rectangle, in pixel coordinates, into which the
// chart data must be drawn.
private Rect mContentRect;
private final GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener mGestureListener
= new GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() {
...
@Override
public boolean onScroll(MotionEvent e1, MotionEvent e2,
float distanceX, float distanceY) {
// Scrolling uses math based on the viewport, as opposed to math using
// pixels.
// Pixel offset is the offset in screen pixels, while viewport offset is the
// offset within the current viewport.
float viewportOffsetX = distanceX * mCurrentViewport.width()
/ mContentRect.width();
float viewportOffsetY = -distanceY * mCurrentViewport.height()
/ mContentRect.height();
...
// Updates the viewport, refreshes the display.
setViewportBottomLeft(
mCurrentViewport.left + viewportOffsetX,
mCurrentViewport.bottom + viewportOffsetY);
...
return true;
}
onScroll() 的实现根据触摸手势滚动视窗
Kotlin
/**
* Sets the current viewport, defined by mCurrentViewport, to the given
* X and Y positions. The Y value represents the topmost pixel position,
* and thus the bottom of the mCurrentViewport rectangle.
*/
private fun setViewportBottomLeft(x: Float, y: Float) {
/*
* Constrains within the scroll range. The scroll range is the viewport
* extremes, such as AXIS_X_MAX, minus the viewport size. For example, if
* the extremes are 0 and 10 and the viewport size is 2, the scroll range
* is 0 to 8.
*/
val curWidth: Float = mCurrentViewport.width()
val curHeight: Float = mCurrentViewport.height()
val newX: Float = Math.max(AXIS_X_MIN, Math.min(x, AXIS_X_MAX - curWidth))
val newY: Float = Math.max(AXIS_Y_MIN + curHeight, Math.min(y, AXIS_Y_MAX))
mCurrentViewport.set(newX, newY - curHeight, newX + curWidth, newY)
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this)
}
Java
/**
* Sets the current viewport (defined by mCurrentViewport) to the given
* X and Y positions. Note that the Y value represents the topmost pixel
* position, and thus the bottom of the mCurrentViewport rectangle.
*/
private void setViewportBottomLeft(float x, float y) {
/*
* Constrains within the scroll range. The scroll range is the viewport
* extremes, such as AXIS_X_MAX, minus the viewport size. For example, if
* the extremes are 0 and 10 and the viewport size is 2, the scroll range
* is 0 to 8.
*/
float curWidth = mCurrentViewport.width();
float curHeight = mCurrentViewport.height();
x = Math.max(AXIS_X_MIN, Math.min(x, AXIS_X_MAX - curWidth));
y = Math.max(AXIS_Y_MIN + curHeight, Math.min(y, AXIS_Y_MAX));
mCurrentViewport.set(x, y - curHeight, x + curWidth, y);
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this);
}
使用触摸进行缩放
如 检测常见手势 中所述，使用 GestureDetector 来检测 Android 使用的常见手势，例如滚动、轻扫和触摸并按住。对于缩放，Android 提供了 ScaleGestureDetector。当你想让一个视图识别其他手势时，你可以将 GestureDetector 和 ScaleGestureDetector 结合使用。
为了报告检测到的手势事件，手势检测器使用传递给其构造函数的监听器对象。 ScaleGestureDetector 使用 ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener。Android 提供了 ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener 作为辅助类，如果你不需要所有报告的事件，可以扩展它。
基本缩放示例
以下代码片段说明了缩放所涉及的基本元素。
Kotlin
private var mScaleFactor = 1f
private val scaleListener = object : ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() {
override fun onScale(detector: ScaleGestureDetector): Boolean {
mScaleFactor *= detector.scaleFactor
// Don't let the object get too small or too large.
mScaleFactor = Math.max(0.1f, Math.min(mScaleFactor, 5.0f))
invalidate()
return true
}
}
private val mScaleDetector = ScaleGestureDetector(context, scaleListener)
override fun onTouchEvent(ev: MotionEvent): Boolean {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev)
return true
}
override fun onDraw(canvas: Canvas?) {
super.onDraw(canvas)
canvas?.apply {
save()
scale(mScaleFactor, mScaleFactor)
// onDraw() code goes here.
restore()
}
}
Java
private ScaleGestureDetector mScaleDetector;
private float mScaleFactor = 1.f;
public MyCustomView(Context mContext){
...
// View code goes here.
...
mScaleDetector = new ScaleGestureDetector(context, new ScaleListener());
}
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev);
return true;
}
@Override
public void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
super.onDraw(canvas);
canvas.save();
canvas.scale(mScaleFactor, mScaleFactor);
...
// onDraw() code goes here.
...
canvas.restore();
}
private class ScaleListener
extends ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener {
@Override
public boolean onScale(ScaleGestureDetector detector) {
mScaleFactor *= detector.getScaleFactor();
// Don't let the object get too small or too large.
mScaleFactor = Math.max(0.1f, Math.min(mScaleFactor, 5.0f));
invalidate();
return true;
}
}
更复杂的缩放示例
以下是 InteractiveChart 示例的更复杂示例，如 动画滚动手势 中所示。 InteractiveChart 示例支持使用多个手指滚动、平移和缩放，使用 ScaleGestureDetector 的跨度 (getCurrentSpanX 和 getCurrentSpanY) 以及“焦点” (getFocusX 和 getFocusY) 功能。
Kotlin
private val mCurrentViewport = RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX)
private val mContentRect: Rect? = null
...
override fun onTouchEvent(event: MotionEvent): Boolean {
return mScaleGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event)
|| mGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event)
|| super.onTouchEvent(event)
}
/**
* The scale listener, used for handling multi-finger scale gestures.
*/
private val mScaleGestureListener = object : ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() {
/**
* This is the active focal point in terms of the viewport. It can be a
* local variable, but keep it here to minimize per-frame allocations.
*/
private val viewportFocus = PointF()
private var lastSpanX: Float = 0f
private var lastSpanY: Float = 0f
// Detects new pointers are going down.
override fun onScaleBegin(scaleGestureDetector: ScaleGestureDetector): Boolean {
lastSpanX = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanX
lastSpanY = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanY
return true
}
override fun onScale(scaleGestureDetector: ScaleGestureDetector): Boolean {
val spanX: Float = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanX
val spanY: Float = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanY
val newWidth: Float = lastSpanX / spanX * mCurrentViewport.width()
val newHeight: Float = lastSpanY / spanY * mCurrentViewport.height()
val focusX: Float = scaleGestureDetector.focusX
val focusY: Float = scaleGestureDetector.focusY
// Ensures the chart point is within the chart region.
// See the sample for the implementation of hitTest().
hitTest(focusX, focusY, viewportFocus)
mContentRect?.apply {
mCurrentViewport.set(
viewportFocus.x - newWidth * (focusX - left) / width(),
viewportFocus.y - newHeight * (bottom - focusY) / height(),
0f,
0f
)
}
mCurrentViewport.right = mCurrentViewport.left + newWidth
mCurrentViewport.bottom = mCurrentViewport.top + newHeight
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this@InteractiveLineGraphView)
lastSpanX = spanX
lastSpanY = spanY
return true
}
}
Java
private RectF mCurrentViewport =
new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX);
private Rect mContentRect;
private ScaleGestureDetector mScaleGestureDetector;
...
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
boolean retVal = mScaleGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event);
retVal = mGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event) || retVal;
return retVal || super.onTouchEvent(event);
}
/**
* The scale listener, used for handling multi-finger scale gestures.
*/
private final ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener mScaleGestureListener
= new ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() {
/**
* This is the active focal point in terms of the viewport. It can be a
* local variable, but keep it here to minimize per-frame allocations.
*/
private PointF viewportFocus = new PointF();
private float lastSpanX;
private float lastSpanY;
// Detects new pointers are going down.
@Override
public boolean onScaleBegin(ScaleGestureDetector scaleGestureDetector) {
lastSpanX = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanX(scaleGestureDetector);
lastSpanY = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanY(scaleGestureDetector);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onScale(ScaleGestureDetector scaleGestureDetector) {
float spanX = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanX(scaleGestureDetector);
float spanY = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanY(scaleGestureDetector);
float newWidth = lastSpanX / spanX * mCurrentViewport.width();
float newHeight = lastSpanY / spanY * mCurrentViewport.height();
float focusX = scaleGestureDetector.getFocusX();
float focusY = scaleGestureDetector.getFocusY();
// Ensures the chart point is within the chart region.
// See the sample for the implementation of hitTest().
hitTest(scaleGestureDetector.getFocusX(),
scaleGestureDetector.getFocusY(),
viewportFocus);
mCurrentViewport.set(
viewportFocus.x
- newWidth * (focusX - mContentRect.left)
/ mContentRect.width(),
viewportFocus.y
- newHeight * (mContentRect.bottom - focusY)
/ mContentRect.height(),
0,
0);
mCurrentViewport.right = mCurrentViewport.left + newWidth;
mCurrentViewport.bottom = mCurrentViewport.top + newHeight;
...
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(InteractiveLineGraphView.this);
lastSpanX = spanX;
lastSpanY = spanY;
return true;
}
};
其他资源
有关输入事件、传感器和使自定义视图交互的更多信息，请参阅以下参考资料。