ViewModel 范围 API 是 Android Jetpack 的一部分。

范围是有效使用 ViewModel 的关键。每个 ViewModel 的范围都限定为实现 ViewModelStoreOwner 接口的对象。有几个 API 可以让您更轻松地管理 ViewModel 的范围。本文档概述了一些您应该了解的关键技术。

ViewModelProvider.get() 方法允许您获取限定为任何 ViewModelStoreOwner 的 ViewModel 实例。对于 Kotlin 用户，针对最常见的用例提供了不同的扩展函数。所有 Kotlin 扩展函数实现都在幕后使用 ViewModelProvider API。

限定为最近的 ViewModelStoreOwner 的 ViewModel

您可以将 ViewModel 的范围限定为 Activity、Fragment 或导航图的目标位置。Activity、Fragment 和导航库提供的 viewModels() 扩展函数以及 Compose 中的 viewModel() 函数允许您获取限定为最近 ViewModelStoreOwner 的 ViewModel 实例。

视图

import androidx.activity.viewModels

class MyActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    // ViewModel API available in activity.activity-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Activity
    val viewModel: MyViewModel by viewModels()
}

import androidx.fragment.app.viewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {
    // ViewModel API available in fragment.fragment-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Fragment
    val viewModel: MyViewModel by viewModels()
}

视图

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Activity
    MyViewModel viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
}

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Fragment
    MyViewModel viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
}

Compose

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyScreen(
    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
    // ViewModel API available in lifecycle.lifecycle-viewmodel-compose
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the closest ViewModelStoreOwner provided
    // via the LocalViewModelStoreOwner CompositionLocal. In order of proximity,
    // this could be the destination of a Navigation graph, the host Fragment,
    // or the host Activity.
    viewModel: MyViewModel = viewModel()
) { /* ... */ }

限定为任何 ViewModelStoreOwner 的 ViewModel

视图系统中的 ComponentActivity.viewModels() 和 Fragment.viewModels() 函数以及 Compose 中的 viewModel() 函数采用可选的 ownerProducer 参数，您可以使用它来指定 ViewModel 实例的范围限定为哪个 ViewModelStoreOwner。以下示例显示如何获取限定为父片段的 ViewModel 实例。

视图

import androidx.fragment.app.viewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in fragment.fragment-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the parent of `this` Fragment
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by viewModels(
        ownerProducer = { requireParentFragment() }
    )
}

视图

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        // The ViewModel is scoped to the parent of `this` Fragment
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(requireParentFragment())
            .get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

Compose

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyScreen(
    context: Context = LocalContext.current,
    // ViewModel API available in lifecycle.lifecycle-viewmodel-compose
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the parent of the host Fragment
    // where this composable function is called
    viewModel: SharedViewModel = viewModel(
        viewModelStoreOwner = (context as Fragment).requireParentFragment()
    )
) { /* ... */ }

从 Fragment 获取 Activity 范围的 ViewModel 是一种常见用例。这样做时，可以使用 activityViewModels() 视图扩展函数。如果您不使用视图和 Kotlin，您可以使用与上面相同的 API，并通过正确的 owner。

视图

import androidx.fragment.app.activityViewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in fragment.fragment-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the host Activity
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by activityViewModels()
}

视图

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        // The ViewModel is scoped to the host Activity
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(requireActivity())
            .get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

Compose

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyScreen(
    context: Context = LocalContext.current,
    // ViewModel API available in lifecycle.lifecycle-viewmodel-compose
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the Activity of the host Fragment
    // where this composable function is called
    viewModel: SharedViewModel = viewModel(
        viewModelStoreOwner = (context as Fragment).requireActivity()
    )
) { /* ... */ }

限定为导航图的 ViewModel

导航图也是 ViewModel 的存储所有者。如果您使用的是导航 Fragment或导航 Compose，您可以使用navGraphViewModels(graphId)视图扩展函数获取作用域为导航图的 ViewModel 实例。

视图

import androidx.navigation.navGraphViewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in navigation.navigation-fragment
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by navGraphViewModels(R.id.nav_graph)

    // Equivalent navGraphViewModels code using the viewModels API
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by viewModels(
        { findNavController().getBackStackEntry(R.id.nav_graph) }
    )
}

视图

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        NavController navController = NavHostFragment.findNavController(this);
        NavBackStackEntry backStackEntry = navController.getBackStackEntry(R.id.my_graph);

        // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(backStackEntry).get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

Compose

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyAppNavHost() {
    // ...
    composable("myScreen") { backStackEntry ->
        // Retrieve the NavBackStackEntry of "parentNavigationRoute"
        val parentEntry = remember(backStackEntry) {
            navController.getBackStackEntry("parentNavigationRoute")
        }
        // Get the ViewModel scoped to the `parentNavigationRoute` Nav graph
        val parentViewModel: SharedViewModel = viewModel(parentEntry)
        // ...
    }
}

如果您除了 Jetpack Navigation 之外还使用 Hilt，则可以使用hiltNavGraphViewModels(graphId) API，如下所示。

视图

import androidx.hilt.navigation.fragment.hiltNavGraphViewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in hilt.hilt-navigation-fragment
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
    // and is provided using the Hilt-generated ViewModel factory
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by hiltNavGraphViewModels(R.id.nav_graph)
}

视图

import androidx.hilt.navigation.HiltViewModelFactory;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        NavController navController = NavHostFragment.findNavController(this);
        NavBackStackEntry backStackEntry = navController.getBackStackEntry(R.id.my_graph);

        // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
        // and is provided using the Hilt-generated ViewModel factory
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(
            backStackEntry,
            HiltViewModelFactory.create(getContext(), backStackEntry)
        ).get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

Compose

import androidx.hilt.navigation.compose.hiltViewModel

@Composable
fun MyAppNavHost() {
    // ...
    composable("myScreen") { backStackEntry ->
        val parentEntry = remember(backStackEntry) {
            navController.getBackStackEntry("parentNavigationRoute")
        }

        // ViewModel API available in hilt.hilt-navigation-compose
        // The ViewModel is scoped to the `parentNavigationRoute` Navigation graph
        // and is provided using the Hilt-generated ViewModel factory
        val parentViewModel: SharedViewModel = hiltViewModel(parentEntry)
        // ...
    }
}

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