硬编码加密密钥

OWASP 类别： MASVS-CRYPTO：加密

概述

开发者使用加密技术来保护数据的机密性和完整性，方法是使用强大的算法。但是，密钥存储经常被低估，在代码中或在诸如 strings.xml 之类的资源文件中将密钥硬编码为字符串或字节数组的情况很常见。如果密钥暴露在应用的任何文件中，这违反了 Kerckhoffs 原则，并且安全模型可以被认为是已损坏的。

影响

拥有反向工程工具的攻击者可以非常轻松地检索硬编码的密钥。根据条件，影响可能会有所不同，但在许多情况下，这会导致严重的安全性问题，例如访问敏感数据。

缓解措施

为了缓解此问题，当您需要系统范围的凭据时，请考虑使用 KeyChain API，或者使用 Android Keystore 提供程序让单个应用存储其自身只有该应用本身才能访问的凭据。

以下代码片段演示了如何使用 KeyStore 存储和使用对称密钥。

Kotlin

private val ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER = "AndroidKeyStore"
private val ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS = "AES_KEY_DEMO"

@Throws(
    KeyStoreException::class,
    NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,
    NoSuchProviderException::class,
    InvalidAlgorithmParameterException::class
)
private fun createAndStoreSecretKey() {
    val builder: KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder = KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(
        ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,
        KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT or KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT
    )
    val keySpec: KeyGenParameterSpec = builder
        .setKeySize(256)
        .setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM)
        .setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE)
        .setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true)
        .build()
    val aesKeyGenerator: KeyGenerator =
        KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES, ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)
    aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec)
    val key: SecretKey = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey()
}

@Throws(
    KeyStoreException::class,
    UnrecoverableEntryException::class,
    NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,
    CertificateException::class,
    IOException::class,
    NoSuchPaddingException::class,
    InvalidKeyException::class,
    IllegalBlockSizeException::class,
    BadPaddingException::class
)
private fun encryptWithKeyStore(plainText: String): ByteArray? {
    // Initialize KeyStore
    val keyStore: KeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)
    keyStore.load(null)
    // Retrieve the key with alias androidKeyStoreAlias created before
    val keyEntry: KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry =
        keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS, null) as KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry
    val key: SecretKey = keyEntry.secretKey
    // Use the secret key at your convenience
    val cipher: Cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/NoPadding")
    cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key)
    return cipher.doFinal(plainText.toByteArray())
}

Java

static private final String ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER = "AndroidKeyStore";
static private final String ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS = "AES_KEY_DEMO";

private void createAndStoreSecretKey() throws KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, NoSuchProviderException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
    KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder builder = new KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(
        ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,
        KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT | KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT);
    KeyGenParameterSpec keySpec = builder
        .setKeySize(256)
        .setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM)
        .setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE)
        .setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true)
        .build();
    KeyGenerator aesKeyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES, ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);
    aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec);
    SecretKey key = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey();
}

private byte[] encryptWithKeyStore(final String plainText) throws KeyStoreException, UnrecoverableEntryException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException, IOException, NoSuchPaddingException, InvalidKeyException, IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {
    // Initialize KeyStore
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);
    keyStore.load(null);
    // Retrieve the key with alias ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS created before
    KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry keyEntry = (KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry) keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS, null);
    SecretKey key = keyEntry.getSecretKey();
    // Use the secret key at your convenience
    final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/NoPadding");
    cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);
    return cipher.doFinal(plainText.getBytes());
}

资源